Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Epistemology - Are science and religion in conflict Essay

The relationship between science and religion is a difficult one and the two sides have tested each other and debated each other in many forums. Some believe there are major differences in science and religion and that the two can never coexist while others believe that science is in fact evidence that religious views are correct. To better understand and answer the question of whether the two sides really do conflict we will look at: my view on the subject, the definitions of both science and religion, basic arguments of both sides, scientific evolution, differing religions and religious views, the compatible versus incompatible argument, how religion has influenced science and views from the modern day scientist. My views on scientific†¦show more content†¦Religious leaders insist that without faith we do not have anything. Science is defined as: â€Å"the state of knowing: knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding.† (Merriam-Webster, 2012) The conflict between science and religion is clear, it is simply the â€Å"state of knowing† versus the state of unknowing. Many religious scientists, priests and clerics believe in an argument called the first cause argument. This means that there must be an explanation for the beginning of the universe. If we were to pretend that time and existence is a tangible object such as a string we notice that it has a beginning and an end. It is simply impossible that time and our existence stretch back infinitely. This argument claims that something or someone must have â€Å"created† the universe in order to bring us into existence. A beginning was required and God created the universe. Atheists believe creationism to be a myth and debunk the notion that there must be a beginning. They hold tightly to the Darwin theory of evolution providing fossil remains as ironclad proof. These remains suggest that they are different â€Å"earlier† versions of present day animals and people. Many Scientists believe in the theory of evolution but claim that this theory is not the only reason for ruling out reli gion. Religion and the theory of higher existence cannot be proven. It is the fact that GodShow MoreRelatedEpistemology Vs. Theory Of Knowledge870 Words   |  4 PagesEpistemology, technically speaking, covers one third of all philosophical enquiry, and it is the branch most concerned with faith. Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, is always asking questions like, how do you know that, how do you know anything, what is knowledge, what signifies knowledge as fact as opposed to an opinion? How to you get to fact from opinion? I use epistemological questions to level the playing field across all my work. Here are some examples: In Broad Apologetic TheoryRead MoreScience Reflection Paper967 Words   |  4 Pagesunit is called â€Å"What is Science?† and the first thing that brings to my mind is that â€Å"It’s everywhere!†. I also remember that the word science comes from the Latin word â€Å"scientia† which means â€Å"to know†. From computers to plants to cells to outer space, science is found everywhere. It has different branches, from medicine, to biology, to physics. The list goes on and on and on. But what exactly is science? How does science affect humanity? How does philosophy, science and religion relate to each otherRead MoreThe Purpose Of An English Teacher1630 Words   |  7 PagesRichard D. Hecht Vincent F. Biondo, quoting the First Amendment Center, concerning the role of religion in the American public school system, writes, â€Å"The school’s approach to religion is academic, not devotional. The school strives for student awareness of religions, b ut it does not press for student acceptance of any one religion. The school sponsors study about religion, not the practice of religion† (623). The approach the American public school systems have taken is one that, in some ways,Read MoreThe Racial Contract1029 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Racial Contract, it is argued that contemporary structures of white domination in the United States operate by means of an epistemology of ignorance for white people. White people inadvertently suffer from cognitive dysfunctions such that they cannot understand the racially (and racistly) structured world in which they live and, indeed, helped create. For Mills, while no person of any race is self-transparent, becoming a white person entails a particularly extreme form of self-opacity regardingRead More The Racial Contract Essay998 Words   |  4 Pages In The Racial Contract, it is argued that contemporary structures of white domination in the United States operate by means of an epistemo logy of ignorance for white people. White people inadvertently suffer from cognitive dysfunctions such that they cannot understand the racially (and racistly) structured world in which they live and, indeed, helped create. For Mills, while no person of any race is self-transparent, becoming a white person entails a particularly extreme form of self-opacity regardingRead MoreNotes on Chapter Two- Does the Center Hold? Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesTruth Is Beauty, Beauty Is Truth Rationalist Epistemology Epistemology * Theory of knowledge; often provokes big questions on the meaning and justifications of conventional knowledge. * Ex; What is knowledge? Can we know anything for certain? What are the limitations of what we know? * Socrates began to question the usual perceptions of knowledge, advocating for a clearer picture than common sense allowed. The Philosophy of Plato * You cannot claim to know somethingRead MoreEpistemology And Its Impact On Human Relations1839 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophy has manifested great contribution in helping people achieve harmonious existence by relying on reason in arguments via successful communication and decision making processes. Epistemology, ontology, and axiology are some of the philosophical branches that investigate knowledge and information validity. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, its justification, and belief rationality while ontology is a metaphysics branch that studies the nature of existence and being. Axiology is the study ofRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction - In science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the change in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropr iately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. EvolutionRead MoreCultural Anthropology : Physical Anthropology3800 Words   |  16 PagesAnthropology: It is a general comprehensive science of man in the past and present of any culture. This is divided into two main areas: physical anthropology, dealing with biological evolution and physiological adaptation of humans, and social or cultural anthropology that deals with people living in society, ie forms of evolution of language, culture and customs. Anthropology uses tools and knowledge produced by the natural sciences and the social sciences. Aspiration of anthropological disciplineRead MoreThe Political Philosophy Of Politics Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagescitizenship, how a government and political communities should be organized, and how social goods should be distributed justly. Within the discussion of these political issues brings up questions of two important philosophical issues—ontology and epistemology—as well as how ancient and modern theories regarding the two issues are integrated into political theory. The issue of immigration and citizenship raises controversy in today’s political narrative. Contemporary liberals and conservatives generally

Monday, December 16, 2019

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand Free Essays

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes are major health issues for Maori, Pacific and south Asian people. The impacts of these diseases are increasing hospital admissions and readmissions hence increasing with an aging population. (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, 2013, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now 20). Diabetes mellitus has been well pronounced as a cardiovascular risk factor in New Zealand and people with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from CVD hence is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients (ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2). Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a preventable and reversible condition giving rise to a range of serious complications associated with nerve and blood vessel damage that bring on blindness, limb amputations, kidney disease, and increased risk of infection (Powers, 2005). According to Diabetes New Zealand (2008), people with diabetes increases the risk of developing narrowed, thickened or completely occluded arteries (atherosclerosis) due to an elevated blood sugar level. Insulin resistant diabetes (type 2) or a complete absence of insulin (type 1) increases serum lipid levels as cells try to break down fats and protein to form energy. Lipids are released as the bio-product which then travels in blood increasing the risk for occlusion in blood vessels. Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and altered serum lipid levels are responsible for formation of coronary plaque and blood clot in vessels. This leads to health issues such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension myocardial infarction etc. (Lewis, 2012, 1388-1389). In New Zealand Maori, Pacific Islanders and South Asians are at a higher risk of developing diabetes, increasing chances of dying of cardiovascular diseases. Modifiable factors such as nutrition, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption and body size influence the risk of getting affected by diabetes and CVD. According to Ministry of Health (2008) diabetes occurs earlier in Pacific and Maori peoples, about 10 years before Europeans which contributes to an increased risk of chronic health conditions and mortality rate. It is appraised that due to demographic trends and projected growth in obesity, the number of diabetes cases will increase and the increase will be greater within the Maori, Pacific, and south Asian populations (Ministry of Health, 2008d). 5% of adults in New Zealand meet the criteria for obesity due to lifestyle, unhealthy nutrition and increased physical inactivity (eg. 42% of Maori and 63. 7% of Pacific peoples meet the criteria for obesity). The New Zealand Medical Journal, 2006 states that Asian new Zealanders especially Indians show a very high percentage of diabetes and CVD which is similar to Maori people (A meratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). According to the Ministry of Health (2009), more Maori, South Asian and pacific people died from the year 1987- 2006 when compared to non-Maori. Obesity is primarily caused by poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyles (Ministry of Health, 2008e). The New Zealand sport and physical activity surveys (conducted in 1997/98, 1998/99, and 2000/01) by Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC) found that Pacific, Maori and south Asian children had higher levels of inactivity than other groups. Additionally, a healthy diet is a key determinant of health outcomes and is particularly important for the growth and development. With regards to ministry of health (2003), Maori, south Asian and more of pacific people in new Zealand tend to eat more unhealthy food as it came cheaper and children skipped breakfast due to lack of parental supervision. Smoking is seen to be another lifestyle adaptation amongst the New Zealand community and the leading risk factor for many forms of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. More Maori and Pacific individuals’ smoke (45 percent and 31 percent, respectively) compared with the total New Zealand population (20. percent) (Ministry of Health, 2008k). The Youth 2007 Survey found that twice as many Pacific students are regular smokers when compared to European students. Furthermore, level of economic resources available to the pacific and south asian people is another important social determinants of health. Asians generally do not show increased health issues statistically but south Asian particularly Indians are at a very high risk. Despite high levels of disease, Indi an New Zealanders are rarely presumed as a priority group in current diabetes strategies. For example, â€Å"Let’s Beat Diabetes Strategy† by Counties Manukau District Health Board fails to mention Indian people specifically but considers the general Asian population. Another possibility for the disproportionate effect on south Asian and pacific people could be higher levels of unemployment and lower income as a group (ministry of health, 2006). This is partly due to a lack of effective settlement strategies for migrant Asians and pacific people to New Zealand. Lack of employment and difficulties settling into the host community are associated with negative health effects and reduced accessibility to health care facility (Ameratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). The risk associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease can be reduced and these conditions only respond well if managed with appropriate care. Evidence proposes that many Pacific individuals are often ignorant of the government services offered to them (Koloto Associates Ltd, 2007; Paterson, 2004). This demonstrates ineffective communication by health information services and providers. Primarily, nurses need to build a trusting therapeutic relationship via therapeutic communication techniques such as active listening, paraphrasing etc. It facilitates client autonomy, creates a non-judgmental environment and provides the professional with the holistic view of the client for better management. With reference to the case study by Counties Manukau DHB (Ministry of Health, 2011, pg. 6) the diabetic patient (Mr Cooper) found it difficult to follow instructions given by the doctor therefore his diabetes nurse helped him with all the information he needed. He verbalised ‘I learned a lot from the nurse. I learned how serious diabetes is and how it is not going to go away, but also how it is possible to live a normal life if you manage what you eat, etc. ’ This specifies that nurses are the closest health professionals who spends the most time with patients and so can work with the patients in partnership. In order to manage diabetes and CVD effectively (Ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2), it is very important for nurses to educate their patients about the risk factors and what needs to be done to improve early detection and management of diabetes and CVD. Adherence to therapies anticipated to control risk factors such as lipid levels or blood pressure for patients with type 2 diabetes is seen to reduce major cardiovascular complications and increase survival (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey Travena, 2006,pg. 13-23) . One probable way to improve patients’ metabolic control is to help them understand the risks of the disease and the likely benefits of available therapy options. Research has shown that information on the potential benefits of improving modifiable risk factors may assist both health professionals and patients in making treatment decision. This may increase patients’ willingness to accept management strategies recommended by their doctors and nurses. In fact, nurses as health educators can use diverse formats (e. g. decision aids, brochures, verbal advice) increasing patients’ knowledge and understanding (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey Travena, 2006, 13-23). However, as suggested by the New Zealand Guidelines Group (2003) nurses and other health professionals need to make use of an evidence-based practice in the management of diabetes as well as assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, despite CVD and diabetes assessments being developed, uptake is often low. A possible reason for this is that many Pacific and Maori people do not prioritise health and generally would not seek any help unless they have physical symptoms such as pain or discomfort. With reference to nursing council of New Zealand competency 3. 2 forming partnership with the client and raising awareness for example informing and referring Maori patients about management programmes such as â€Å"Get Checked† which provides free annual check-up for people with diabetes. This programme focuses on physical health, lifestyle and disease management. According to Robson and Harris (2007), Maori enrolment in get checked programme in 2006 was lower than non-Maori. This is a clear indicator of moari people’s lack of knowledge about services being provided. However, nurses as professionals should practice nursing in a very culturally safe manner by acknowledging patients values beliefs and attitude towards health care. For example Maori people believe in â€Å"kanohi te kanohi† meaning face to face communication therefore nurses need to have more in person communication (Reid Robson, 2007). Nurses should also inform clients about initiatives for example â€Å"one heart many lives† which allows Maori and pacific men to get their hearts checked, improve awareness of heart disease and lifestyle habits. Furthermore, CVD assessment allows an early detection of the number of people being at risk of cardiovascular disease. The sooner it is detected the earlier these issues can be controlled as stated in the document published by the ministry of health (2011). The practice nurse is the key person to co-ordinate care for instance after reviewing a diabetic patient he or she may decide to refer the patient to the dietician. This way the patient is given an efficient holistic care with appropriate information (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, 2013, pg. 27) Nurses need to collaborate with the clients, agree on patient centered health goals such as promotion, prevention and early management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by setting achievable and measurable goals. For example, ministry of health national health information Board launched a Shared Care Plan in 2011 which was in response to increasing number of deaths due to poor management of chronic illnesses. This programme aims to improve care of patients by increasing patient involvement (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, march, 2013, pg. 26). The New Zealand Cardiovascular Risk Chart shows that diabetic people who smoke are at much higher risk of developing CVD when compared to a non-diabetic and non-smoker (New Zealand guidelines Group, 2009). According to Solberg (2006) there is evidence that professional advice given by the health care provider helps patients to quit smoking. Nurses can effectively use the ABC tool provided by the ministry of health (2007) to help patients to quit smoking. Nurses need to inform clients about the advantages of being a non-smoker financially and health wise and provide alternative as to how nicotine replacement therapy helps minimise the urge to smoke. A practice nurse is responsible for most of patients’ assessments and health education, therefore nurses need to understand the standpoint of her patient and what does being healthy means to them. Establishing relationships and understanding their culture and customs. For example food plays a big role in pacific, Maori and south Asian culture. Family involvement in care plan is very important in shaping attitudes and activities as family plays an important role in their lives also explaining the effects of unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle. Nurses should use plain language and ensure the patient and their family understands what changes they need to make and why they need to make them. They should also make sure that the patient and family are fully informed about the care plan and any procedures being done to maximise care (Blakely, 2007). In conclusion it can be said that patients are fully dependant on nurses with regards to any health issues they have. Nurses are the first form of contact to patient in primary and secondary care setting who provides them with accurate information. It is very important for nurses to be aware of the fact that Maori, Pacific and South Asian New Zealander are more proned to diabetes and CVD therefore more emphasis should be given to them. During the assessment nurses should always consider patients socio-economic inequality, access to and quality of health care, and health risk factors such as tobacco, diet, and other lifestyle factors. How to cite Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Adult Learning Session Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Adult Learning Session. Answer: When to evaluate adult learning session, explain the following for three sessions Three learning sessions that an educational institution can arrange for the stakeholders are as follows: Workshop: Workshop is a sort of interaction session between the facilitators and the participants for enhancing the practical knowledge and experience of an individual. In order to run an educational institution successfully, the role an efficient teacher as well as management is undeniable. The facilitators tend to interact with the participants by conducting a workshop. In this particular learning session the facilitators like to provide various practical situations to the participants. The participants are allowed to demonstrate this situation. Based on their level of performance the facilitators provide necessary training on how to improve their performance level. Seminar: Seminar is the form of academic instruction where large number of experts intends to give their presentations. Participants are successful to enhance their skill and knowledge from the presentation of lecturer. Seminar is the form of one way learning communication where the participants do not have the direct scope to interact with the experts at every step. This particular learning session as well helps to increase the knowledge and experience of the participants. Training program: Training and discussion program is the type of learning process where both the trainers and the trainees have equal contribution for enhancing knowledge. The trainers by maintaining interactive approach tend to communicate directly with the participants in order to know their problems facing at the training session. Identify the two key stakeholders for each session: Stakeholders are the concerned persons or the group of persons who are directly or indirectly associated with an organization. The key stakeholders who are involved in the success of an educational institution include managers, teachers, students, other members of administrations and so on. Workshop: In order to participant in a workshop the key stakeholders who have been chosen include teachers and workshop facilitators. Seminar: Managers and the teachers have been selected as the key stakeholders for this particular training session. Managers in every single department play a major role in keeping a constant control of an institution. The role of an efficient manager is to direct every single employee towards reaching the goal. Therefore, in order to direct the teachers managers have to gain skill and competency level. Therefore, an effective training session is needed based on which the managers in various departments can develop their professional skill. As a result, they can handle needs and demands of teachers efficiently. On the other hand, teachers are another stakeholder who needs a learning session for enhancing their performance level. The success of an organization is fervently dependent on the performance level of teachers. Therefore, before involving the students in a classroom, organizations need to provide an effective training session to the teachers as well. Training program: Teachers and the management faculties have been selected as the key stakeholders for conducting this learning session. Identity two stakeholder needs: The three learning sessions that have been conducted for an educational institution include workshop, seminar and training and discussion program. The needs of those key stakeholders for each learning session are as follows: Workshop: Need of faculties: Workshop facilitators play the major role of organizing the entire workshop systematically. The teachers intend to follow the instruction of every individual facilitator for enhancing their skill and competency level. The role of workshop facilitators is to train and guide the teachers for being flexible in the classroom both in their attitude and their style of teaching. Need of teachers: While taking a class an efficient teacher aims to grab the attention of every single student. Therefore, the teacher has to follow teaching style or mode in such a way that students from every psychological background can focus on concentrating within the classroom. Therefore, an effective workshop can enhance the competency level of the teachers for being more flexible within the classroom. Seminar: Need of teachers: Teachers need to select the teaching mode in such a way that every single student can concentrate in the classroom. Otherwise, the purpose of maintaining teaching and learning process would not be effective. Therefore, an in-depth seminar can help an individual teacher on how to maintain attitude inside the classroom. Need of managers: In order to form a particular organizational strategy and policy managers should have a level of competency. Their delivery mode needs to be systematic by maintaining a rhythmic pace. Managers by attending a seminar know on how to implement organizational strategy so that number of target customers can be increased. The personality of an effective manager reflects on the delivery style Training session: Need of teachers: Every individual teacher would like to follow the decision of management only when the managers would be able to throw a convincing approach to the teachers. Therefore, an effective delivery mode is highly important to direct the employees properly towards reaching the business goal. Therefore, this particular study has decided to focus on choosing delivery model as the stakeholders need. Based on the primary needs of stakeholders the institution has decided to provide training session. Need of management faculties: Management faculties should receive a proper training on how to overcome sudden crisis happening at the workplace. At the same time, managers should know how to maintain a team rapport for achieving the business target. In order to interact with the guardian of students, managers should have a professional skill and competency. Therefore, training and discussion is needed for enhancing their professional skill of management faculties. Two evaluation tools The evaluation tools that would be used for each session are as follows: Workshop: In order to conduct a workshop the two evaluation tools that would be used include observation and questionnaire. Seminar: In order to conduct a workshop the two evaluation tools that would be used include observation and questionnaire focus group. Training session: In order to conduct a workshop the two evaluation tools that would be used include interview and questionnaires. Evaluation tools At the time of using these tools, the areas that have been covered imply presentation style, content structure and opportunity for interaction. After observing the two key stakeholders the trainers have identified the appropriate presentation style that the stakeholders should apply at their workplace. The tool of observation helps the trainers on how to make identify the problems of participants. The trainer has also explained why presentation is highly important for every stakeholder for dealing with different situations. On the other hand, the teachers would be successful in taking a particular class only when the learning process would be beneficial for the student. Therefore, while using the evaluation tool like focused group the trainers have made a group discussion by involving the teachers regarding the development of learning policy. At the same time, the significance of interview is also very important. Before making a presentation both the managers and the teachers within an institution have to prepare a script or content. As a result, at the final stage they would not fumble while providing the presentation. Students are from different cultural and religious backgrounds. As a result, the teachers have to form content in such a way that every individual student can equally understand the learning style. Similarly, managers should present their speech in such a way that teachers can easily understand them. In the two evaluation tools for each section, the trainer is having enough scope to interact with the participants. Without an effective interaction or questionnaire, the trainers would not be able to understand exactly where the participants are facing difficulties in following the training process and methods. Therefore, based on those areas, the trainers can change their strategies. References Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Keer, H., De Meyer, J., Van den Berghe, L. and Haerens, L., 2013. Development and evaluation of a training on need-supportive teaching in physical education: Qualitative and quantitative findings.Teaching and Teacher Education,29, pp.64-75. Hardr, P.L. and Burris, A.O., 2012. What contributes to teaching assistant development: differential responses to key design features.Instructional Science,40(1), pp.93-118. Hutchison, A., 2012. Literacy teachers perceptions of professional development that increases integration of technology into literacy instruction.Technology, Pedagogy and Education,21(1), pp.37-56. Reece, I. and Walker, S., 2016.Teaching, training and learning: A practical guide. Business Education Publishers Ltd. Rienties, B., Brouwer, N. and Lygo-Baker, S., 2013. The effects of online professional development on higher education teachers' beliefs and intentions towards learning facilitation and technology.Teaching and Teacher Education,29, pp.122-131.